Fed Funds Rate History with Its Highs, Lows, and Charts

The Federal Reserve tends to keep the fed funds rate within a 2.0% to 5.0% sweet spot that maintains a healthy economy, but there have certainly been exceptions.

In fact, the current fed funds rate targets a range of almost zero—0% to 0.25%—after the Fed cut it twice in March 2020, citing the economic impact of the coronavirus pandemic.

There were times in history when the nation's benchmark rate was increased well above the sweet spot to curb runaway inflation. And for much of the last 12 years, it was kept below 2% to stimulate economic growth.

Examining the Fed's changes to the fed funds rate provides insight into how it has managed both inflation and recession.

The all-time low is effectively zero. The Fed lowered the rate to a range of 0.0% to 0.25% twice: Once during the financial crisis of 2008, and once in March 2020. After the first time, the Fed didn't resume raising rates until December 2015. 

Prior to 2008, the lowest fed funds rate was a range of 0.75% to 1.0% in 2003. This was a move to combat the 2001 recession. At that time, there were fears that the economy was drifting toward deflation.

The fed funds rate reached a high of 20.0% in 1979 and 1980 to combat double-digit inflation. The inflation rate rose after March 1973 when President Richard Nixon disengaged the dollar from the gold standard. Inflation almost tripled from 4.6% to 12.3% in December 1974. The Fed doubled interest rates from 5.75% to a high of 11.0% (see tables below). Inflation continued to remain in the double digits through April 1975. The Fed kept raising the fed funds rate to a peak of 13.0% in July 1974. It dramatically lowered the rate to 7.5% in January 1975.

These sudden changes, part of the “stop-go” monetary policy, were not sustained enough to either end inflation or spur growth. As a result, confused businesses kept prices high to stay ahead of the Fed's interest rate spikes. That only made inflation worse. Fed leaders learned that managing inflation expectations was a critical factor in controlling inflation itself.

In 1979, Federal Reserve chair Paul Volcker ended the Fed's stop-go policy. He raised rates and kept them there to finally end inflation. That created the 1980 recession but thoroughly ended double-digit inflation. It hasn't been a threat since.

The charts below show the targeted fed funds rate changes since 1971. Until October 1979, the Federal Open Market Committee didn't announce its target interest rate after meetings. The Fed adjusted the rate through its open market operations. As a result, banks were forced to guess what the rates would be. The Fed tried to fight inflation without managing the expectations of inflation.

In 1979, the Fed began targeting the money supply to fight inflation. As a result, the fed funds rate fluctuated a great deal between 1979 and 1982. In 1982, the Fed returned to targeting the fed funds rate specifically.

In February 1994, the FOMC formally announced its policy changes for the first time. Since then, its announcements make it clear what it wants the interest rate to be. This manages expectations of inflation and minimizes disruptions caused by surprises from the Fed.

The Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis publishes a complete history of the effective fed funds rate since 1954. The Fed also has transcripts of all meetings since 1936.

1971: GDP = 3.3%, Unemployment = 6.0%, Inflation = 3.3%

1972: GDP = 5.3%, Unemployment = 5.2%, Inflation = 3.4%

1973: GDP = 5.6%, Unemployment = 4.9%, Inflation = 8.7%

1974: GDP = -0.5%, Unemployment = 7.2%, Inflation = 12.3%

1975: GDP = -0.2%, Unemployment = 8.2%, Inflation = 6.9%

1976: GDP = 5.4%, Unemployment = 7.8%, Inflation = 4.9%

1977: GDP = 4.6%, Unemployment = 6.4%, Inflation = 6.7%

1978: GDP = 5.5%, Unemployment = 6.0%, Inflation = 9.0%

1979: GDP = 3.2%, Unemployment = 6.0%, Inflation = 13.3%

1980: GDP = -0.3%, Unemployment = 7.2%, Inflation = 12.5%

1981: GDP = 2.5%, Unemployment = 8.5%, Inflation = 8.9%

1982: GDP = -1.8%, Unemployment = 10.8%, Inflation = 3.8%

1983: GDP = 4.6%, Unemployment = 8.3%, Inflation = 3.8%

1984: GDP = 7.2%, Unemployment = 7.3%, Inflation = 3.9%

1985: GDP = 4.2%, Unemployment = 7.0%, Inflation = 3.8%

1986: GDP = 3.5%, Unemployment = 6.6%, Inflation = 1.1%

1987: GDP = 3.5%, Unemployment = 5.7%, Inflation = 4.4%

1988: GDP = 4.2%, Unemployment = 5.3%, Inflation = 4.4%

1989: GDP = 3.7%, Unemployment = 5.4%, Inflation = 4.6%

1990: GDP = 1.9%, Unemployment = 6.3%, Inflation = 6.1%

1991: GDP = -0.1%, Unemployment = 7.3%, Inflation = 3.1%

1992: GDP = 3.5%, Unemployment = 7.4%, Inflation = 2.9%

1993: GDP = 2.8%, Unemployment = 6.5%, Inflation = 2.7%. 

• Clinton took office in 1993. Fed made no changes.

1994: GDP = 4.0%, Unemployment = 5.5%, Inflation = 2.7%

1995: GDP = 2.7%, Unemployment = 5.6%, Inflation = 2.5%

1996: GDP = 3.8%, Unemployment = 5.4%, Inflation = 3.3%

1997: GDP = 4.4%, Unemployment = 4.7%, Inflation = 1.7% 

1998: GDP = 4.5%, Unemployment = 4.4%, Inflation = 1.6%

1999: GDP = 4.8%, Unemployment = 4.0%, Inflation = 2.7%

2000: GDP = 4.1%, Unemployment = 3.9%, Inflation = 3.4%

2001: GDP = 1.0%, Unemployment = 5.7%, Inflation = 1.6%

2002: GDP = 1.7%, Unemployment = 6.0%, Inflation = 2.4%

2003: GDP = 2.9%, Unemployment = 5.7%, Inflation = 1.9%

2004: GDP = 3.8%, Unemployment = 5.4%, Inflation = 3.3%

2005: GDP = 3.5%, Unemployment = 4.9%, Inflation = 3.4%

2006: GDP = 2.9%, Unemployment = 4.4%, Inflation = 2.5% 

2007: GDP = 1.9%, Unemployment = 5.0%, Inflation = 4.1%

2008: GDP = -0.1%, Unemployment = 7.3%, Inflation = 0.1%

Between 2008 and 2015, the Fed kept the rate at zero. The recession ended in June 2009.

2015: GDP = 2.9%, Unemployment = 5.0%, Inflation = 0.7% 

2016: GDP = 1.6%, Unemployment = 4.7%, Inflation = 2.1% 

2017: GDP = 2.4%, Unemployment = 4.1%, Inflation = 2.1%

2018: GDP = 2.9%, Unemployment = 3.9%, Inflation = 1.9%

2019: GDP = 2.1%, Unemployment = 3.5%, Inflation = 2.3%

2020:

Sources: Fed funds rates prior to 1990. Fed funds rate between 1990 and 2002. Fed funds rate from 2003 to present. GDP. Unemployment. Inflation. FOMC Meetings.